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Turci predlažu da EU financira i organizira prijevoz emigranata iz Afrike i Bliskog istoka u Evropu
by Kermit Sun 4 Oct - 17:44
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-europe-syrian-refugees-human-smuggling.html
Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-europe-syrian-refugees-human-smuggling.html#ixzz3nc9tRqDa
[size=30]Should European states transport refugees themselves?[/size]
A common theme is emerging in the tragic story of the refugees and migrants trying to enter Europe: These despondent folks pay thousands of dollars to human traffickers to reach their destinations, but some of the smugglers abandon their “customers” in the middle of the sea or in some isolated forest, sometimes to certain death. As reported by Al-Monitor last month, 430,000 people successfully made the trip in the first eight months of this year, while at least 2,700 drowned or went missing in the Mediterranean Sea. That anyone would pay such vast sums and risk their lives, even after losing their homes and livelihoods, is remarkable, begging critical examination of the dynamic and raising a number of questions: Could European governments cut into the smuggling trade by eliminating the middlemen and transporting refugees and migrants themselves? Would such an approach allow migrants and refugees to get a better start in their host countries and benefit the local economies? Would such an orderly flow of people into Europe solve or at least ease the continent’s refugee crisis? The answer to these questions is “yes,” but implementing them comes with several caveats.Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-europe-syrian-refugees-human-smuggling.html#ixzz3nc9tRqDa
Kermit-
Posts : 26479
2014-04-17
Re: Turci predlažu da EU financira i organizira prijevoz emigranata iz Afrike i Bliskog istoka u Evropu
by Kermit Sun 4 Oct - 17:44
Europe had a human smuggling problem even before the word “Syria” became synonymous with one of the worst human-made catastrophes in recent history, driving millions of people from their homes. A retired Turkish intelligence officer who worked on organized crime in the late 1990s told Al-Monitor that just as with any other product or service, the laws of supply and demand have driven human smuggling for quite some time. Before 2011, people from the Middle East, Africa and Asia paid thousands of dollars and euros to smugglers who could get them to European countries.
When hundreds of thousands of Syrians and people from different parts of Africa joined the flow, they stimulated the market. Prices remained stable as supply increased, however, because anyone with a dingy took up smuggling, an activity that used to be carried out using more reliable vessels. Today, with legitimate travel documents, a plane ticket from Turkey or Greece to elsewhere in Europe costs a fraction of the thousands of dollars that undocumented refugees and migrants have to pay smugglers.
In this context, the retired Turkish expert observed, “It [is] logical for governments and the UN or the EU to take over the transportation of these despondent people.” He added, “It would be safer and much more cost-effective for states and international bodies to supervise the process from the moment when [refugees and migrants] are first registered, in say Turkey, until they reach their final destination in Britain, France, Germany or Sweden.”
Regardless, he warned, such measures were unlikely to eradicate human smuggling or other illicit activities. “In the past, many migrants and refugees would liquidate all their assets, gather their life savings and travel with $5,000 or $10,000 and even $20,000 on their persons.” Those who didn’t have such sums would work as farmhands in various parts of Turkey from March through October and save up enough to pay smugglers. Others would fall prey to narcotics traffickers and work as drug mules.
According to Susan Fratzke, policy analyst and program coordinator at the Migration Policy Institute, there are two ways to approach the issue of human smuggling. “You can either address the factors driving the demand for smugglers’ services through solving the political, economic and social problems that push the refugees and migrants, or you can fund resettlement programs and remove the legal barriers that prevent refugees and migrants from coming in.”
Fratzke maintains that alongside governmental action, private participation — such as “labor migration programs or educational programs or allowing private individuals and groups to sponsor refugees” — should be possible. Expanding family reunification channels could be another option. “There isn’t just one single answer,” she said.
The avenues that exist for the legal resettlement of refugees and migrants are very limited. Fratzke argues that at the moment, only 1% of refugee applications, mostly from Syrians, can be processed. UN agencies simply lack the resources to accommodate all the requests. This imbalance creates a lucrative trade for smugglers, whose networks are “too hard to disrupt because they are very complex and very adaptable.”
Even expanding refugee quotas or taking politically bold steps, as some EU countries (in particular Germany) are now doing, may not eradicate the smuggling networks. “Especially in Europe,” said Fratzke, “nobody can say whether removing political barriers would stop the flow of people who come through smuggling networks,” because a more liberalized environment could increase the number of those who wish to move to Western countries.
To be sure, the “push” of the Syrian civil war is far more important than Europe’s “pull.” Thus, formulating smarter responses to smugglers or completely banning refugees will not end the crisis until and unless the war in Syria comes to an end along with conflicts elsewhere, including Mali, South Sudan and Somalia.
In the final analysis, it is important to remember that refugees and migrants can bring net advantages to their host countries. Unlike common misconceptions, even when the new arrivals are unskilled workers, extensive research shows that native workers, thanks to their language abilities, tend to move into more specialized jobs, which improves productivity and real wages. Overall, hundreds of thousands of additional worker-consumers boost economic growth. With the wages they earn — some initially by working in agriculture and food processing — these newcomers go on to purchase products and services and, in good time, sometimes even become employers themselves. Economic activity that would not otherwise take place expands the economy and national governments’ tax base. Perhaps most important, for countries facing the prospect of declining populations, such as Germany, having more people working helps to provide and stabilize social security payments for older people.
The refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe face fearful odds, while their European hosts worry whether their economic, social and political systems can withstand the sudden influx of so many strangers in a land foreign to them. If European leaders would be more creative and formulate smart policies in tune with the economics of migration and human smuggling, things could take a turn for the better for the refugees and migrants as well as the countries receiving them.
Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-europe-syrian-refugees-human-smuggling.html#ixzz3nc9xAR2D
When hundreds of thousands of Syrians and people from different parts of Africa joined the flow, they stimulated the market. Prices remained stable as supply increased, however, because anyone with a dingy took up smuggling, an activity that used to be carried out using more reliable vessels. Today, with legitimate travel documents, a plane ticket from Turkey or Greece to elsewhere in Europe costs a fraction of the thousands of dollars that undocumented refugees and migrants have to pay smugglers.
In this context, the retired Turkish expert observed, “It [is] logical for governments and the UN or the EU to take over the transportation of these despondent people.” He added, “It would be safer and much more cost-effective for states and international bodies to supervise the process from the moment when [refugees and migrants] are first registered, in say Turkey, until they reach their final destination in Britain, France, Germany or Sweden.”
Regardless, he warned, such measures were unlikely to eradicate human smuggling or other illicit activities. “In the past, many migrants and refugees would liquidate all their assets, gather their life savings and travel with $5,000 or $10,000 and even $20,000 on their persons.” Those who didn’t have such sums would work as farmhands in various parts of Turkey from March through October and save up enough to pay smugglers. Others would fall prey to narcotics traffickers and work as drug mules.
According to Susan Fratzke, policy analyst and program coordinator at the Migration Policy Institute, there are two ways to approach the issue of human smuggling. “You can either address the factors driving the demand for smugglers’ services through solving the political, economic and social problems that push the refugees and migrants, or you can fund resettlement programs and remove the legal barriers that prevent refugees and migrants from coming in.”
Fratzke maintains that alongside governmental action, private participation — such as “labor migration programs or educational programs or allowing private individuals and groups to sponsor refugees” — should be possible. Expanding family reunification channels could be another option. “There isn’t just one single answer,” she said.
The avenues that exist for the legal resettlement of refugees and migrants are very limited. Fratzke argues that at the moment, only 1% of refugee applications, mostly from Syrians, can be processed. UN agencies simply lack the resources to accommodate all the requests. This imbalance creates a lucrative trade for smugglers, whose networks are “too hard to disrupt because they are very complex and very adaptable.”
Even expanding refugee quotas or taking politically bold steps, as some EU countries (in particular Germany) are now doing, may not eradicate the smuggling networks. “Especially in Europe,” said Fratzke, “nobody can say whether removing political barriers would stop the flow of people who come through smuggling networks,” because a more liberalized environment could increase the number of those who wish to move to Western countries.
To be sure, the “push” of the Syrian civil war is far more important than Europe’s “pull.” Thus, formulating smarter responses to smugglers or completely banning refugees will not end the crisis until and unless the war in Syria comes to an end along with conflicts elsewhere, including Mali, South Sudan and Somalia.
In the final analysis, it is important to remember that refugees and migrants can bring net advantages to their host countries. Unlike common misconceptions, even when the new arrivals are unskilled workers, extensive research shows that native workers, thanks to their language abilities, tend to move into more specialized jobs, which improves productivity and real wages. Overall, hundreds of thousands of additional worker-consumers boost economic growth. With the wages they earn — some initially by working in agriculture and food processing — these newcomers go on to purchase products and services and, in good time, sometimes even become employers themselves. Economic activity that would not otherwise take place expands the economy and national governments’ tax base. Perhaps most important, for countries facing the prospect of declining populations, such as Germany, having more people working helps to provide and stabilize social security payments for older people.
The refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe face fearful odds, while their European hosts worry whether their economic, social and political systems can withstand the sudden influx of so many strangers in a land foreign to them. If European leaders would be more creative and formulate smart policies in tune with the economics of migration and human smuggling, things could take a turn for the better for the refugees and migrants as well as the countries receiving them.
Read more: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-europe-syrian-refugees-human-smuggling.html#ixzz3nc9xAR2D
Kermit-
Posts : 26479
2014-04-17
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